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@diodorus_siculus:person {full_name: "Diodorus Siculus", also_known_as: "Diodorus of Sicily"}
@book_xx:document {title: "Diodorus Siculus, Book XX, Pages 285-293", creator: @diodorus_siculus, year: @date_307_BC, language: "grc", subjects: ["Ancient Greek history", "Naval battles", "Demetrius", "Ptolemy", "Agathocles", "Cyprus", "Utica", "Salamis", "Sicily"]}
@file_pinax -> documents -> @book_xx
@demetrius:person {full_name: "Demetrius", epithet: "Demetrius Poliorcetes"}
@ptolemy:person {full_name: "Ptolemy", epithet: "Ptolemy of Egypt"}
@agathocles:person {full_name: "Agathocles", epithet: "Agathocles of Syracuse"}
@menelaus:person {full_name: "Menelaus", role: "General at Salamis"}
@neon:person {full_name: "Neon"}
@burichus:person {full_name: "Burichus"}
@menoetius:person {full_name: "Menoetius"}
@antigonus:person {full_name: "Antigonus"}
@seleucus:person {full_name: "Seleucus"}
@lysimachus:person {full_name: "Lysimachus"}
@cassander:person {full_name: "Cassander"}
@diadem:concept {description: "Royal headband symbolizing kingship"}
@cyprus:place {region: "Eastern Mediterranean"}
@utica:place {region: "North Africa"}
@salamis:place {region: "Cyprus"}
@citium:place {region: "Cyprus"}
@sicily:place {region: "Mediterranean"}
@egypt:place {region: "North Africa"}
@naval_battle_demetrius_ptolemy:event {description: "Naval battle between Demetrius and Ptolemy near Cyprus", when: @date_307_BC, location: @cyprus}
@naval_battle_salamis:event {description: "Naval engagement at Salamis involving Menelaus and Ptolemy", when: @date_307_BC, location: @salamis}
@siege_utica:event {description: "Siege of Utica by Agathocles", when: @date_307_BC, location: @utica}
@assumption_of_diadem:event {description: "Rulers assumed the diadem and styled themselves king", when: @date_307_BC, participants: [@demetrius, @ptolemy, @agathocles, @antigonus, @seleucus, @lysimachus, @cassander]}
@demetrius -> participated in -> @naval_battle_demetrius_ptolemy
@ptolemy -> participated in -> @naval_battle_demetrius_ptolemy
@ptolemy -> participated in -> @naval_battle_salamis
@menelaus -> participated in -> @naval_battle_salamis
@agathocles -> led -> @siege_utica
@demetrius -> gave transports to -> [@neon, @burichus]
@menoetius -> commanded -> @naval_battle_salamis
@demetrius -> assumed -> @diadem
@ptolemy -> assumed -> @diadem
@agathocles -> assumed -> @diadem
@antigonus -> assumed -> @diadem
@seleucus -> assumed -> @diadem
@lysimachus -> assumed -> @diadem
@cassander -> assumed -> @diadem
@file_diodorus_siculus_volume_x_book_xx_page_285 -> contains -> @naval_battle_demetrius_ptolemy
@file_diodorus_siculus_volume_x_book_xx_page_287 -> contains -> @naval_battle_salamis
@file_diodorus_siculus_volume_x_book_xx_page_289 -> contains -> @siege_utica
@file_diodorus_siculus_volume_x_book_xx_page_289 -> contains -> @assumption_of_diadem
@file_diodorus_siculus_volume_x_book_xx_page_291 -> contains -> @assumption_of_diadem
@file_diodorus_siculus_volume_x_book_xx_page_293 -> contains -> @siege_uticaDiodorus of Sicily πρὸς ἄλλην ἐμβολὴν καὶ κατετραυμάτιζον ἀλλήλους οἱ ταύταις ἐφεστῶτες, ἅτε τοῦ σκοποῦ σύνεγγυς ἑκάστοις κειμένου. τινὲς δὲ τῶν τριηραρχῶν ἐκ πλαγίας τυπτόντων1 καὶ τῶν ἐμβόλων δυσαποσπάστως ἐχόντων ἐπεπήδων ἐπὶ τὰς τῶν πολεμίων ναῦς, πολλὰ καὶ πάσχοντες δεινὰ καὶ 4διατιθέντες· οἱ μὲν γὰρ τῶν ἐγγιζόντων τοίχων ἐφαψάμενοι καὶ σφαλέντες τῆς βάσεως περιέπιπτον εἰς θάλασσαν καὶ παραχρῆμα τοῖς δόρασιν ὑπὸ τῶν ἐφεστώτων ἐφονεύοντο, οἱ δὲ κρατήσαντες τῆς ἐπιβολῆς τοὺς μὲν ἀνῄρουν, τοὺς δὲ κατὰ τὴν στενοχωρίαν ἐκβιαζόμενοι περιέτρεπον εἰς τὸ πέλαγος. ὅλως δὲ ποικίλαι καὶ παράλογοι συνίσταντο μάχαι, πολλάκις τῶν μὲν ἡττόνων ἐπικρατούντων διὰ τὴν τῶν σκαφῶν ὑπεροχήν, τῶν δὲ κρειττόνων θλιβομένων διὰ τὸ περὶ τὴν στάσιν ἐλάττωμα καὶ τὴν ἀνωμαλίαν τῶν συμβαινόντων ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις 5κινδύνοις. ἐπὶ μὲν γὰρ τῶν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἀγώνων διάδηλος ἡ ἀρετὴ γίνεται, δυναμένη τυγχάνειν τῶν πρωτείων μηδενὸς ἔξωθεν αὐτομάτου παρενοχλοῦντος· κατὰ δὲ τὰς ναυμαχίας πολλὰς καὶ ποικίλας αἰτίας συμβαίνει παραλόγως ἐλαττοῦν τοὺς δι᾿ ἀνδρείαν δικαίως ἂν τυχόντας τῆς νίκης. 52. Λαμπρότατα δὲ πάντων Δημήτριος ἠγωνίσατο τῆς ἑπτήρους2 ἐπιβεβηκὼς ἐπὶ τῇ πρύμνῃ. ἀθρόων γὰρ αὐτῷ περιχυθέντων οὓς μὲν ταῖς λόγχαις ἀκοντίζων, οὓς δὲ ἐκ χειρὸς τῷ δόρατι τύπτων ἀνῄρει· πολλῶν δὲ καὶ παντοίων βελῶν ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν φερομένων ἃ μὲν προορώμενος ἐξέκλινεν, ἃ δὲ τοῖς 1τυπτόντων Geer, ἔτυπτον.2Reiske adds ἑαυτοῦ or ναυαρχίδος before ἑπτήρους. Fischer suggests τῆς ἰδίας ἑπτήρους.284Book XX prow with their rams, they drew back for another 307 b.c. charge, and the soldiers on board shot at each other with effect since the mark was close at hand for each party. Some of the men, when their captains had delivered a broadside blow and the rams had become firmly fixed, leaped aboard the ships of the enemy, receiving and giving severe wounds; for certain of them, after grasping the rail of a ship that was drawing near, missed their footing, fell into the sea, and at once were killed with spears by those who stood above them; and others, making good their intent, slew some of the enemy and, forcing others along the narrow deck, drove them into the sea. As a whole the fighting was varied and full of surprises: many times those who were weaker got the upper hand because of the height of their ships, and those who were stronger were foiled by inferiority of position and by the irregularity with which things happen in fighting of this kind. For in contests on land, valour is made clearly evident, since it is able to gain the upper hand when nothing external and fortuitous interferes; but in naval battles there are many causes of various kinds that, contrary to reason, defeat those who would properly gain the victory through prowess. 52. Demetrius fought most brilliantly of all, having taken his stand on the stern of his seven. A crowd of men rushed upon him, but by hurling his javelins at some of them and by striking others at close range with his spear, he slew them; and although many missiles of all sorts were aimed at him, he avoided some that he saw in time and received others 285
Diodorus of Sicily 2σκεπαστηρίοις ὅπλοις ἐδέχετο. τριῶν δ᾿ ὑπερασπιζόντων αὐτὸν εἷς μὲν λόγχῃ πληγεὶς ἔπεσεν, οἱ δὲ δύο κατετραυματίσθησαν. τέλος δὲ τοὺς ἀντιστάντας ὁ Δημήτριος ἐκβιασάμενος καὶ τροπὴν τοῦ δεξιοῦ κέρατος ποιήσας εὐθὺ καὶ τὰς συνεχεῖς 3φυγεῖν ἠνάγκασεν. Πτολεμαῖος δὲ τὰ μέγιστα τῶν σκαφῶν καὶ τοὺς κρατίστους ἄνδρας ἔχων μεθ᾿ αὑτοῦ ῥᾳδίως ἐτρέψατο τοὺς καθ᾿ αὑτὸν τεταγμένους καὶ τῶν νεῶν ἃς μὲν κατέδυσεν, ἃς δὲ αὐτάνδρους εἷλεν. ὑποστρέφων δ᾿ ἀπὸ τοῦ νικήματος ἤλπιζε καὶ τὰς ἄλλας ῥᾳδίως χειρώσασθαι· θεωρήσας δὲ τό τε δεξιὸν1 κέρας τῶν ἰδίων συντετριμμένον καὶ τὰς συνεχεῖς ἁπάσας πρὸς φυγὴν ὡρμημένας, ἔτι δὲ τοὺς περὶ τὸν Δημήτριον μετὰ βάρους ἐπιφερομένους ἀπέπλευσεν εἰς Κίτιον. 4Δημήτριος δὲ νικήσας τῇ ναυμαχίᾳ τῷ μὲν Νέωνι καὶ Βουρίχῳ παρέδωκε τὰ στρατιωτικὰ τῶν πλοίων, προστάξας διώκειν καὶ τοὺς ἐν τῇ θαλάττῃ διανηχομένους ἀναλαμβάνειν· αὐτὸς δὲ τὰς ἰδίας ναῦς κοσμήσας τοῖς ἀκροστολίοις καὶ τὰς ἁλούσας ἐφελκόμενος τὸν πλοῦν ἐποιεῖτο πρὸς τὸ στρατόπεδον 5καὶ τὸν οἰκεῖον λιμένα. κατὰ δὲ τὸν τῆς ναυμαχίας καιρὸν Μενέλαος ὁ ἐν τῇ Σαλαμῖνι στρατηγὸς πληρώσας τὰς ἑξήκοντα ναῦς ἐξαπέστειλε πρὸς βοήθειαν τῷ Πτολεμαίῳ, ναύαρχον ἐπιστήσας Μενοίτιον. γενομένου δ᾿ ἀγῶνος περὶ τὸ στόμα τοῦ λιμένος πρὸς τὰς ἐφορμούσας ναῦς καὶ τῶν ἐκ τῆς πόλεως βιασαμένων αἱ μὲν τοῦ Δημητρίου δέκα ναῦς ἔφυγον πρὸς τὸ πεζὸν στρατόπεδον, οἱ δὲ περὶ τὸν Μενοίτιον ἀναπλεύσαντες καὶ τῶν καιρῶν μικρὸν ὑστερήσαντες ἀνέστρεψαν πάλιν εἰς τὴν Σαλαμῖνα. 6Τῆς δὲ ναυμαχίας τοιοῦτον τέλος λαβούσης τῶν 1δεξιὸν Geer, cp. chaps. 50. 6; 52, 2: εὐώνυμον.286Book XX upon his defensive armour. Of the three men who 307 b.c. protected him with shields, one fell struck by a lance and the other two were severely wounded. Finally Demetrius drove back the forces confronting him, created a rout in the right wing, and forthwith forced even the ships next to the wing to flee. Ptolemy, who had with himself the heaviest of his ships and the strongest men, easily routed those stationed opposite him, sinking some of the ships and capturing others with their crews. Turning back from that victorious action, he expected easily to subdue the others also; but when he saw that the right wing of his forces had been shattered and all those next to that wing driven into flight, and further, that Demetrius was pressing on with full force, he sailed back to Citium. Demetrius, after winning the victory, gave the transports to Neon and Burichus, ordering them to pursue and pick up those who were swimming in the sea; and he himself, decking his own ships with bow and stern ornaments and towing the captured craft, sailed to his camp and his home port. At the time of the naval battle Menelaüs, the general in Salamis, had manned his sixty ships and sent them as a reinforcement to Ptolemy, placing Menoetius in command. When a battle occurred at the harbour mouth with the ships on guard there, and when the ships from the city pressed forward vigorously, Demetrius’ ten ships fled to the camp of the army; and Menoetius, after sailing out and arriving a little too late, returned to Salamis. In the naval battle, whose outcome was as stated, 287
Diodorus of Sicily μὲν πορίων ἥλω πλείω τῶν ἑκατόν, ἐν οἷς ἦσαν σχεδὸν στρατιῶται ὀκτακισχίλιοι· τῶν δὲ μακρῶν αὔτανδροι μὲν ἐλήφθησαν τεσσαράκοντα, διεφθάρησαν δὲ περὶ ὀγδοήκοντα, ἃς πλήρεις οὔσας θαλάττης κατήγαγον οἱ κρατήσαντες εἰς τὴν πρὸς τῇ πόλει στρατοπεδείαν. διεφθάρη δὲ καὶ τῶν Δημητρίου σκαφῶν εἴκοσι· πάντα δὲ τῆς προσηκούσης ἐπιμελείας τυχόντα παρείχετο τὰς ἁρμοζούσας χρείας. 53. Μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα Πτολεμαῖος ἀπογνοὺς τὰ κατὰ τὴν Κύπρον ἀπῆρεν εἰς Αἴγυπτον. Δημήτριος δὲ πάσας τὰς ἐν τῇ νήσῳ πόλεις παραλαβὼν καὶ τοὺς φρουροῦντας στρατιώτας, τούτους μὲν εἰς τάξεις κατεχώρισεν, ὄντας πεζοὺς μὲν μυρίους ἑξακισχιλίους συντεταγμένους, ἱππεῖς δὲ περὶ ἑξακοσίους, πρὸς δὲ τὸν πατέρα ταχέως ἐμβιβάσας εἰς τὴν μεγίστην ναῦν τοὺς δηλώσοντας περὶ τῶν κατορθωθέντων 2ἐξαπέστειλεν. ὁ δ᾿ Ἀντίγονος πυθόμενος τὴν γεγενημένην νίκην καὶ μετεωρισθεὶς ἐπὶ τῷ μεγέθει τοῦ προτερήματος διάδημα περιέθετο καὶ τὸ λοιπὸν ἐχρημάτιζε βασιλεύς, συγχωρήσας καὶ τῷ Δημητρίῳ τῆς αὐτῆς τυγχάνειν προσηγορίας 3καὶ τιμῆς. ὁ δὲ Πτολεμαῖος οὐδὲν τῇ ψυχῇ ταπεινωθεὶς διὰ τὴν ἧτταν καὶ αὐτὸς ὁμοίως ἀνέλαβε τὸ διάδημα καὶ πρὸς ἅπαντας ἀνέγραφεν ἑαυτὸν 4βασιλέα. παραπλησίως δὲ τούτοις καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ δυνάσται ζηλοτυπήσαντες ἀνηγόρευον ἑαυτοὺς βασιλεῖς, Σέλευκος μὲν προσφάτως τὰς ἄνω σατραπείας προσκεκτημένος, Λυσίμαχος δὲ καὶ Κάσανδρος τὰς ἐξ ἀρχῆς δοθείσας μερίδας διατηροῦντες. Ἡμεῖς δὲ περὶ τούτων ἱκανῶς εἰρηκότες ἐν μέρει διέξιμεν περὶ τῶν κατὰ Λιβύην καὶ Σικελίαν πραχθέντων. 288Book XX more than a hundred of the supply ships were taken, 307 b.c. upon which were almost eight thousand soldiers, and of the warships forty were captured with their crews and about eighty were disabled, which the victors towed, full of sea water, to the camp before the city. Twenty of Demetrius’ ships were disabled, but all of these, after receiving proper care, continued to perform the services for which they were suited. 53. Thereafter Ptolemy gave up the fight in Cyprus and returned to Egypt. Demetrius, after he had taken over all the cities of the island and their garrisons, enrolled the men in companies; and when they were organized they came to sixteen thousand foot and about six hundred horse. He at once sent messengers to his father to inform him of the successes, embarking them on his largest ship. And when Antigonus heard of the victory that had been gained, elated by the magnitude of his good fortune, he assumed the diadem and from that time on he used the style of king; and he permitted Demetrius also to assume this same title and rank. Ptolemy, however, not at all humbled in spirit by his defeat, also assumed the diadem and always signed himself king.1 And in a similar fashion in rivalry with them the rest of the princes also called themselves kings: Seleucus, who had recently gained the upper satrapies, and Lysimachus and Cassander, who still retained the territories originally allotted to them.2 Now that we have said enough about these matters, we shall relate in their turn the events that took place in Libya and in Sicily. 1Ptolemy’s assumption of the diadem is placed in the year 305/4 by the Parian Marble, FGrH, 239. B 23.2Continued in chap. 73.289
Diodorus of Sicily 54. Ἀγαθοκλῆς γὰρ πυθόμενος τοὺς προειρημένους δυνάστας ἀνῃρημένους τὸ διάδημα1 καὶ νομίζων μήτε δυνάμεσι μήτε χώρᾳ μήτε τοῖς πραχθεῖσι λείπεσθαι τούτων ἑαυτὸν ἀνηγόρευσε βασιλέα. καὶ διάδημα μὲν οὐκ ἔκρινεν ἔχειν· ἐφόρει γὰρ αἰεὶ στέφανον, ὃν κατὰ τὴν ἐπίθεσιν τῆς τυραννίδος ἔκ τινος ἱερωσύνης2 περικείμενος οὐκ ἀπέθετο περὶ τῆς δυναστείας ἀγωνιζόμενος· ἔνιοι δέ φασιν αὐτὸν ἐπιτετηδεῦσθαι τοῦτον ἐξ ἀρχῆς φορεῖν διὰ τὸ μὴ 2λίαν αὐτὸν εὐχαίτην εἶναι.3 οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ τῆς προσηγορίας ταύτης ἄξιόν τι σπεύδων πρᾶξαι ἐπὶ μὲν Ἰτυκαίους ἐστράτευσεν ἀφεστηκότας· ἄφνω δ᾿ αὐτῶν τῇ πόλει προσπεσὼν καὶ τῶν ἐπὶ τῆς χώρας ἀπειλημμένων πολιτικῶν ζωγρήσας εἰς τριακοσίους τὸ μὲν πρῶτον διδοὺς ἄφεσιν τῶν ἐγκλημάτων ἠξίου παραδιδόναι τὴν πόλιν· οὐ προσεχόντων δὲ τῶν ἔνδον συνεπήγνυε μηχανὴν καὶ κρεμάσας ἐπ᾿ αὐτῇ τοὺς αἰχμαλώτους προσήγαγε τοῖς τείχεσιν. 3οἱ δ᾿ Ἰτυκαῖοι τοὺς μὲν ἠτυχηκότας ἠλέουν, πλείονα δὲ λόγον τῆς τῶν ἁπάντων ἐλευθερίας ἢ τῆς ἐκείνων σωτηρίας ποιούμενοι διέλαβον τὰ τείχη τοῖς στρατιώταις καὶ τὴν πολιορκίαν εὐγενῶς ὑπέμενον. 4εἶθ᾿ ὁ μὲν Ἀγαθοκλῆς ἐπιστήσας τῇ μηχανῇ τούς τε ὀξυβελεῖς καὶ σφενδονήτας καὶ τοξότας ἀπὸ ταύτης ἀγωνιζόμενος ἤρχετο τῆς πολιορκίας καὶ ταῖς ψυχαῖς τῶν ἔνδον ὥσπερ καυτήριά τινα προσῆγεν· 1τὸ διάδημα added by Rhodoman.2ἱερωσύνης ὃν MSS., ὃν transferred by Dindorf.3διὰ τὸ . . . εἶναι editors: διὰ τὸ μὴ τέλειον αὐτὸν εὐχαιτίαν εἶναι F, ἐπὶ τῷ μὴ λίαν αὐ. εὐ. εἶ. Fischer.290Book XX 54. When Agathocles heard that the princes whom 307 b.c. we have just mentioned had assumed the diadem, since he thought that neither in power nor in territory nor in deeds was he inferior to them, he called himself king. He decided not to take a diadem; for he habitually wore a chaplet, which at the time when he seized the tyranny was his because of some priesthood and which he did not give up while he was struggling to gain the supreme power. But some say that he originally had made it his habit to wear this because he did not have a good head of hair.1 However this may be, in his desire to do something worthy of this title, he made a campaign against the people of Utica, who had deserted him.2 Making a sudden attack upon their city and taking prisoner those of the citizens who were caught in the open country to the number of three hundred, he at first offered a free pardon and requested the surrender of the city; but when those in the city did not heed his offer, he constructed a siege engine,3 hung the prisoners upon it, and brought it up to the walls. The Uticans pitied the unfortunate men; yet, holding the liberty of all of more account than the safety of these, they assigned posts on the walls to the soldiers and bravely awaited the assault. Then Agathocles, placing upon the engine his catapults, slingers, and bowmen, and fighting from this, began the assault, applying, as it were, branding-irons to the souls of 1Cp. Aelian, Var. Hist. 11. 4. For a similar reason Julius Caesar welcomed the right to wear a laurel wreath (Suetonius, Divus Iulius, 45. 2).2But, according to Polybius, 1. 82. 8, Utica and Hippu Acra (cp. chap. 55. 3) were the only cities that had remained true to Carthage.3Probably a movable tower like the “helepolis” of chap. 48. 2.291
Diodorus of Sicily 5οἱ δ᾿ ἐπὶ τῶν τειχῶν ἑστῶτες τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ὤκνουν τοῖς βέλεσι χρήσασθαι, προκειμένων αὐτοῖς σκοπῶν πολιτικῶν ἀνδρῶν, ὧν ἦσάν τινες καὶ τῶν ἐπιφανεστάτων· ἐπικειμένων δὲ τῶν πολεμίων βαρύτερον ἠναγκάζοντο τοὺς ἐπὶ τῆς μηχανῆς ὄντας 6ἀμύνεσθαι. ἔνθα δὴ συνέβαινε γίνεσθαι παράλογα πάθη τοῖς Ἰτυκαίοις καὶ τύχης ἐπηρεασμὸν ἐν ἀνάγκαις κειμένοις ἀνεκφεύκτοις1· προβεβλημένων γὰρ τῶν Ἑλλήνων τοὺς ἡλωκότας τῶν ἐξ Ἰτύκης ἀναγκαῖον ἦν ἢ τούτων φειδομένους περιορᾶν ὑποχείριον τοῖς πολεμίοις γινομένην τὴν πατρίδα ἢ τῇ πόλει βοηθοῦντας ἀνηλεῶς φονεῦσαι πλῆθος πολιτῶν 7ἠτυχηκότων. ὅπερ καὶ συνέβη γενέσθαι· ἀμυνόμενοι γὰρ τοὺς πολεμίους καὶ παντοίοις βέλεσι χρώμενοι καί τινας τῶν ἐφεστηκότων τῇ μηχανῇ κατηκόντισαν καὶ τὰ μὲν τῶν κρεμαμένων πολιτῶν σώματα κατῃκίσαντο, τὰ2 δὲ τοῖς ὀξυβελέσι πρὸς τῇ μηχανῇ προσκαθήλωσαν καθ᾿ οὕς ποτε τύχοι τοῦ σώματος τόπους, ὥστε σταυρῷ παραπλησίαν εἶναι τὴν ὕβριν ἅμα καὶ τὴν τιμωρίαν. καὶ ταῦτ᾿ ἐγίνετό τισιν ὑπὸ συγγενῶν ἢ φίλων, εἰ τύχοι, τῆς ἀνάγκης οὐ πολυπραγμονούσης τι τῶν παρ᾿ ἀνθρώποις ὁσίων. 55. Ὁ δ᾿ Ἀγαθοκλῆς, ὁρῶν αὐτοὺς ἀπαθῶς ὡρμηκότας πρὸς τὸν κίνδυνον, περιστήσας πανταχόθεν τὴν δύναμιν καὶ κατά τινα τόπον φαύλως ᾠκοδομημένον βιασάμενος εἰσέπεσεν εἰς τὴν πόλιν. 2τῶν δ᾿ Ἰτυκαίων τῶν μὲν εἰς τὰς οἰκίας, τῶν δ᾿ εἰς 1κειμένοις ἀνεκφεύκτοις Reiske: κείμενον ἀνέκφευκτον.2τινας τῶν ἐφ. τῇ μη. κατηκόντισαν καὶ τὰ μὲν τῶν κρ. πολ. σώματα κατῃκίσαντο, τὰ Geer: τὰ τῶν ἐφ. τῇ μη. σώματα κατῃκίσαντο καὶ τινὰς μὲν τῶν κρ. πολ. κατηκόντισαν, τινὰς.292Book XX those within the city. Those standing on the walls 307 b.c. at first hesitated to use their missiles since the targets presented to them were their own fellow-countrymen, of whom some were indeed the most distinguished of their citizens; but when the enemy pressed on more heavily, they were forced to defend themselves against those who manned the engine. As a result there came unparalleled suffering and despiteful treatment of fortune to the men of Utica, placed as they were in dire straits from which there was no escape; for since the Greeks had set up before them as shields the men of Utica who had been captured, it was necessary either to spare these and idly watch the fatherland fall into the hands of the enemy or, in protecting the city, to slaughter mercilessly a large number of unfortunate fellow citizens. And this, indeed, is what took place; for as they resisted the enemy and employed missiles of every kind, they shot down some of the men who were stationed on the engine, and they also mangled some of their fellow citizens who were hanging there, and others they nailed to the engine with their bolts at whatever places on the body the missiles chanced to strike, so that the wanton violence and the punishment almost amounted to crucifixion. And this fate befell some at the hands of kinsmen and friends, if so it chanced, since necessity is not curiously concerned for what is holy among men. 55. But when Agathocles saw that they were cold-bloodedly intent on fighting, he put his army in position to attack from every side and, forcing an entrance at a point where the wall had been poorly constructed, broke into the city. As some of the Uticans fled into their houses, others into temples, 293
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