New Haven County Superior Court Execution Records Collection: Black, African American, and Indigenous History

Version: 6 (current) | Updated: 12/4/2025, 3:26:06 PM

Added description

Description

New Haven County Superior Court Execution Records Collection: Black, African American, and Indigenous History

Overview

This archival collection preserves the full set of execution‑related documents issued by the New Haven County Superior Court between 1770 and 1841. The material is part of the Connecticut State Library’s NHSC BAAI (Black, African American, and Indigenous History) project and is catalogued under Record Group 3, New Haven County Superior Court Files. It is held in the public domain, all items are in English, and each record is accompanied by high‑resolution scans (TIFF/JPEG) and machine‑readable metadata (JSON/PINAX).

Background

The collection was assembled under a National Archives NHPRC grant to digitize and index court records that illuminate the legal experiences of marginalized communities in Connecticut. It reflects the court’s role in enforcing civil and criminal judgments against free Black men, enslaved persons, and Indigenous individuals during the colonial and early state periods. The NHSC BAAI subject index assigns controlled terms such as “executions,” “judgments,” “African American history,” and “Indigenous history” to each file.

Contents

The collection includes a variety of document types:
  • Execution warrants and execution returns (e.g., Joseph Mountain, Timothy Malankuss, Lemon).
  • Execution receipts and settlement records (e.g., Platt vs. Lanson).
  • Judgments, summonses, and witness testimony (e.g., Hampton vs. Martin & Clark).
  • Property‑levy notices and auction postings (e.g., Platt vs. Lanson).
  • Land‑ownership dispute writs (e.g., Alexander Harrison vs. Thomas Gilbert Florillium Landon).

Each sub‑collection is linked to the NHSC BAAI subject index and includes provenance information, creator lists, and geographic tags (Cheshire, New Haven, Wallingford, etc.).

Scope

The collection covers a single execution event or a short series of related documents for each case, spanning 1770–1841 in New Haven County, Connecticut. It excludes trial transcripts, appellate filings, and unrelated court records. The material is invaluable for scholars of early American legal history, African American studies, Indigenous history, and the evolution of criminal‑justice practices in New England.

Entities

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Entity Relationships

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Raw Cheimarros Data

@execution_documents:concept {description: "Legal documents related to execution of judgments, such as writs, warrants, and returns"}

@executions:concept {description: "Legal process of carrying out a court‑ordered death penalty or enforcement of a judgment"}

@judgments:concept {description: "Court decisions awarding relief or determining liability"}

@court_cases:concept {description: "Legal disputes brought before a court"}

@land_ownership:concept {description: "Legal rights and documents concerning ownership of land"}

@crime:concept {description: "Acts prohibited by law"}

@rape:concept {description: "Sexual assault crime"}

@crime_and_punishment:concept {description: "Legal framework linking criminal acts to penalties"}

@execution_writ:concept {description: "Writ ordering execution of a judgment"}

@auction:concept {description: "Public sale of property to satisfy a debt"}

@settlement:concept {description: "Agreement resolving a legal dispute"}

@execution_warrants:concept {description: "Documents authorizing execution of a sentence"}

@slave_punishment:concept {description: "Punitive measures applied to enslaved individuals"}

@criminal_cases:concept {description: "Legal cases involving alleged crimes"}

@punishment:concept {description: "Penalty imposed for wrongdoing"}

@indian_man:concept {description: "Reference to a Native American male individual"}

@colonial_america:concept {description: "Historical period of American colonies before independence"}

@historical_records:concept {description: "Documents preserving historical information"}

@murder:concept {description: "Unlawful killing of a person"}

@criminal_justice:concept {description: "System of law enforcement, courts, and corrections"}

@slavery:concept {description: "System of forced labor and ownership of people"}

@financial_accounts:concept {description: "Records of monetary transactions and balances"}

@legal_costs:concept {description: "Expenses incurred in legal proceedings"}

@legal_proceedings:concept {description: "Process of conducting a lawsuit"}

@court_judgments:concept {description: "Official decisions issued by a court"}

@hampton:person {status: "free Negro", role: "plaintiff"}

@file_pinax:file {title: "New Haven County Superior Court Execution Records Collection: Black, African American, and Indigenous History", type: "Collection", creator: [@new_haven_county_superior_court, @hampton, @john_martin, @samuel_clark, @samuel_smith, @charles_chauncey, @james_hillhouse, @john_peck_jr, @alexander_harrison, @thomas_gilbert_florillium_landon, @ephraim_dyer, @jno_w_smith, @joseph_mannheim, @james_h_townsend, @joseph_kneival, @jesse_kneival, @joth_fitch, @timothy_malachy], institution: @connecticut_state_library, created: @date_1770, end: @date_1841, language: "en", access_url: "PLACEHOLDER", rights: "Public domain (assuming based on date and nature of content)"}

@file_pinax -> creator -> [@new_haven_county_superior_court, @hampton, @john_martin, @samuel_clark, @samuel_smith, @charles_chauncey, @james_hillhouse, @john_peck_jr, @alexander_harrison, @thomas_gilbert_florillium_landon, @ephraim_dyer, @jno_w_smith, @joseph_mannheim, @james_h_townsend, @joseph_kneival, @jesse_kneival, @joth_fitch, @timothy_malachy]

@file_pinax -> subject -> [@execution_documents, @legal_cases, @african_american_history, @new_haven_county, @debt_collection, @slavery_and_freedom, @executions, @black_african_american_and_indigenous_history, @court_records, @legal_documents, @summons, @witness_testimony, @assault_and_battery, @slave_narratives, @new_haven_county_superior_court, @financial_accounts, @legal_costs, @legal_proceedings, @judgments, @court_cases, @court_judgments, @land_ownership, @crime, @rape, @crime_and_punishment, @execution_writ, @property_levy, @auction, @settlement, @nineteenth_century_law, @execution_warrants, @slave_punishment, @criminal_cases, @punishment, @indian_man, @colonial_america, @historical_records, @murder, @criminal_justice, @slavery]

@file_pinax -> place -> [@cheshire, @new_haven, @new_haven_county, @st_christopher, @cromwell_connecticut, @orange, @wallingford, @north_haven, @watertown, @connecticut]

@file_pinax -> includes -> [@hampton_vs_martin_clark, @harrison_vs_lanson_gilbert_collection, @joseph_mountain_execution_documents_collection, @platt_vs_lanson:case, @timothy_malankuss_execution_records_collection, @moses_paul_execution_case_collection]

@file_pinax -> indexed by -> @nhsc_baai_cases_papers_subject

@hampton_vs_martin_clark -> part of -> @file_pinax

@harrison_vs_lanson_gilbert_collection -> part of -> @file_pinax

@joseph_mountain_execution_documents_collection -> part of -> @file_pinax

@platt_vs_lanson:case -> part of -> @file_pinax

@timothy_malankuss_execution_records_collection -> part of -> @file_pinax

@moses_paul_execution_case_collection -> part of -> @file_pinax

@hampton -> plaintiff in -> @hampton_vs_martin_clark

@john_martin -> defendant in -> @hampton_vs_martin_clark

@samuel_clark -> defendant in -> @hampton_vs_martin_clark

@alexander_harrison -> creator of -> @harrison_vs_lanson_gilbert_collection

@thomas_gilbert_florillium_landon -> creator of -> @harrison_vs_lanson_gilbert_collection

@ephraim_dyer -> creator of -> @execution_warrant

@jno_w_smith -> creator of -> @execution_return_joseph_mountain

@joseph_mannheim -> creator of -> @mountain_joseph_execution_receipt

@joth_fitch -> creator of -> @file_pinax

@timothy_malachy -> creator of -> @timothy_malankuss_execution_records_collection

@new_haven_county_superior_court:organization {abbreviation: "NHSC", location: @new_haven, description: "New Haven County Superior Court Files (Record Group 3, Connecticut State Library)"} 

@new_haven_county_superior_court -> creator of -> @file_pinax

@new_haven_county_superior_court -> indexed by -> @nhsc_baai_cases_papers_subject

@nhsc_baai_cases_papers_subject:concept {description: "Subject‑index field for New Haven County Superior Court files concerning Black, African American, and Indigenous cases and papers"} 

@nhsc_baai_cases_papers_subject -> applied to -> @hampton_vs_martin_clark

@nhsc_baai_cases_papers_subject -> applied to -> @harrison_vs_lanson_gilbert_collection

@nhsc_baai_cases_papers_subject -> applied to -> @joseph_mountain_execution_documents_collection

@nhsc_baai_cases_papers_subject -> applied to -> @platt_vs_lanson:case

@nhsc_baai_cases_papers_subject -> applied to -> @timothy_malankuss_execution_records_collection

@nhsc_baai_cases_papers_subject -> applied to -> @moses_paul_execution_case_collection

--- SYNTHESIS ---

The @file_pinax metadata aggregates a broad set of execution‑related case collections spanning 1770‑1841, all indexed by the common subject field @nhsc_baai_cases_papers_subject. Individual cases such as @hampton_vs_martin_clark, @harrison_vs_lanson_gilbert_collection, @joseph_mountain_execution_documents_collection, @platt_vs_lanson:case, @timothy_malankuss_execution_records_collection, and @moses_paul_execution_case_collection are each linked to the same indexing schema, demonstrating a unified cataloging approach across the New Haven County Superior Court (NHSC) holdings. Creators (plaintiffs, defendants, clerks, and recorders) appear repeatedly across files—e.g., @hampton (free Negro plaintiff) in the Hampton case, @john_martin and @samuel_clark as defendants, and court officials such as @james_h_townsend and @joseph_kneival in later collections—illustrating continuity of personnel and administrative structures within the NHSC archival project. The extensive subject list connects concepts of execution, debt collection, slavery, property, and criminal law, revealing thematic patterns of how Black, African American, and Indigenous individuals intersected with colonial‑era legal processes in Connecticut.

Metadata

Version History (6 versions)

  • ✓ v6 (current) · 12/4/2025, 3:26:06 PM
    "Added description"
  • v5 · 12/4/2025, 3:09:46 PM · View this version
    "Added knowledge graph extraction"
  • v4 · 12/4/2025, 6:45:42 AM · View this version
    "Added PINAX metadata"
  • v3 · 12/4/2025, 6:14:54 AM · View this version
    "Set parent to 01KBKZZ7VHHY9D5YXJX4400CQW"
  • v2 · 12/4/2025, 6:14:43 AM · View this version
    "Added children"
  • v1 · 12/4/2025, 6:14:27 AM · View this version
    "Initial snapshot"

Parent

01KBKZZ7VHHY9D5YXJX4400CQW

Children (8)